UNDAMENTAL
Research

Essays, articles and technical notes

Essays set out how we see the world and where it may be going. Research articles develop arguments and syntheses across fields. Technical notes work through a bounded question: what works, and under which assumptions. Both can contain live demonstrations. Each claim and figure carries a provenance label, saying where it comes from and how far it has been tested; the version of each piece is shown separately.

Provenance Illustration shows how something works Simulation a stated model, run live Estimate calculated from stated assumptions Cited external published research Hypothesis proposed, not yet tested

Provenance says where a claim comes from. The version belongs to the whole piece and is shown separately, so one piece can contain cited findings, an original simulation and an untested hypothesis without confusing their authority. A new version is issued only for a major revision, with a note on what changed and why.

  1. Research articleStatus: version 19 November 2026

    What Formula 1 knows about measurement

    Formula 1 writes the cost of learning into its rules, so deciding what to measure becomes part of engineering the car. Three purposes of a sensor, the measurement loop at four speeds, model correlation, and the FIA's testing allowances; a live simulation of a testing budget spent four ways; where industry's longer horizon changes the answer; and a proposed experiment on a thermal-fluid rig.

    2 interactive figures, one a simulation · Code and results published · 15 references · Hypothesis marked

  2. EssayStatus: version 19 November 2026

    From an epoch of measure and thought to integrated perceptual intelligence

    For four centuries, knowing the world has meant keeping observation, interpretation and action apart. Why measurement is not perception, how cognition spreads across people, instruments and procedures, how many partial views coordinate, and why science as a separate category may not outlast the coming century. A forecast, with the research it draws on.

    2 interactive figures, one a simulation · 30 references · Forecast marked as UNDAMENTAL's own

  3. Research articleStatus: version 119 October 2026

    Noise is signal

    What a measurement can contain, what can be recovered from it, and where recovery stops. Four kinds of noise; weak signals and shared noise; separation by form and by geometry; rebuilding a system's state from one time series; the information-theoretic ceiling; and how to design an observation system before the questions are known, with a comparative experiment in which the questions arrive after the design, rerun on 200 fresh worlds under six changes of assumption.

    4 live simulations, including a comparative experiment · Code and results published · 11 references · Hypotheses marked · Expands manifesto section 02

  4. Technical noteStatus: version 118 October 2026

    Cost, counted both ways

    Diagnosis, discovery and a live model: what each needs from data, and how to pay for all three within today's storage budget. Adaptive capture of existing streams, folding converters after Bhandari, per-modality budgets, and a randomised storage schedule with its limits.

    2 simulations, 1 estimate · 2 tables · 3 references · Expands manifesto section 05

Nothing in this library is yet a result from a deployment. Simulations show what published methods do under stated assumptions; hypotheses are labelled as such.